ORSDA

Senior dementia is a common problem occurring in older dogs just as it does in aging humans. Similar to Alzheimer's in people, dementia in dogs is a degenerative brain condition that causes altered behaviors and memory loss.Helping Our Senior Dogs Age Gracefully. VCA Animal Hospital. These progressive changes affect the quality of life for both dogs and their owners. There is no cure for dementia, but owners may be able to lessen the negative effects and help their dogs live happily for a little while longer.What Is Senior Dementia?Senior dementia, formally known as canine cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS), is a collection of symptoms resulting from progressive brain degeneration that causes changes in a dog's mood, behavior, and memory.The Behavior Clinic at the University of California at Davis states that 28% of dogs aged 11 to 12 years display signs of dementia and that likelihood increases to 68% of dogs when they reach ages 15 or 16.2Symptoms of Senior Dementia in DogsDementia negatively affects the everyday life of a senior dog and is commonly seen to varying degrees as dogs age. Some symptoms may appear and worsen gradually as the dog ages, or they may occur more suddenly and be more drastic. Irregular sleeping patterns, repetitive behaviors such as licking and pacing, a decrease in appetite, and not wanting to interact with other pets or their owners can be signs of senior dementia in dogs. These behaviors can strain relationships owners have with their dogs.The most common signs of senior dementia can be remembered with the commonly used acronym DISHA: disorientation, interaction changes, sleep changes, house soiling, and activity level changes.SymptomsSoiling in the houseGetting lost in the house/disorientationBarking without reasonGoing to the wrong side of the doorLack of interaction with people or other petsDecrease or lack of appetiteLower threshold for aggressive behaviorAnxietyIrregular sleeping patternsStaring at the wallsPacing/repetitive behaviorsLoss of House TrainingOne of the biggest concerns that dog owners have is the loss of house training. As some dogs develop senior dementia they get confused and may start urinating or defecating in the house. This causes frustration for the owner who may in return get upset with their pet. This affects the human-animal bond and ultimately the quality of life of both the pet and the owner.DisorientationOther signs of confusion due to senior dementia include disorientation in the home, staring at walls, and going to the hinged side of a door when the dog has known for years which side of the door opens to go through it. Senior dementia can cause a dog who has known its home environment for its entire lifetime to suddenly get lost in rooms or corners of its house.Vocalization Without ReasonVocalizations, including barking, whining, and crying for no apparent reason, are also common in dogs with senior dementia. This may be an indication of stress, fear, or anxiety due to confusion; they may also show aggression.Aggressive BehaviorAggressive behaviors may be more common in dogs with dementia due to their lowered threshold of tolerance and patience. Normally patient and willing dogs may suddenly growl or bite at familiar people and pets.What Causes Senior Dementia in Dogs?No one completely understands the complex causes of dementia in dogs or humans. The symptoms of dementia are a result of changes or damage in the brain, but different manifestations of dementia may arise from different brain issues.Sometimes, certain proteins accumulate in the brain around neurons, causing cognitive decline. The breakdown of neurons is another age-related factor in disrupting the normal transmission of information in the brain.How Do Vets Diagnose Senior Dementia in Dogs?Your veterinarian will rule out other medical issues, such as tumors or diseases, before diagnosing your dog's dementia.3 Sometimes, a questionnaire will be used to pinpoint behavioral signs that are common in this condition, so your careful attention to signs of dementia will be vital in achieving a diagnosis.The Quality of Life Scale, or HHHHHMM Scale, is often used to aid owners in determining whether or not their dog has changed as it ages. This scale goes through the signs of dementia and includes a review of the dog's behaviors. Hurt, Hunger, Hydration, Hygiene, Happiness, Mobility, and More good days than bad are assessed on the HHHHHMM scale.This scale helps an owner decide whether or not a pet's quality of life is still good as dementia progresses and may also help an owner decide when euthanasia should be considered.Treatment & PreventionThere is, unfortunately, no way to reverse the signs of dementia in dogs but there are some nutritional aids that can be administered to help potentially delay brain changes as a dog ages.3 Antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin E, and medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) are the main dietary components that are often discussed for brain health.Other supplements used to support brain health and manage symptoms of dementia are SAMe, Denamarin, Silybin, and Cholidin.4Some experts recommend supplementing dogs' diets before they begin to show signs of senior dementia, but there is little evidence that this works as a fully preventative regimen. If you are concerned with CDS developing in your senior dog, talk with your veterinarian about possible preventative supplements.Prognosis for Dogs with Senior DementiaDementia is a progressive condition that can, at best, be stabilized for a period of time. No matter how supportive owners are or how diligent they are in providing brain-healthy supplements, the process of aging will further deteriorate their dogs' brains. Once dementia becomes severe and negatively impacts the quality of life, most owners will have to make the difficult decision to euthanize their dogs.

Cat fleas are tiny parasites that feed on the blood and cause itching and irritation. Heavy flea infestations and allergic reactions to flea bites can lead to hair loss and open wounds. Worse yet, cat fleas can transmit dangerous diseases to cats and humans.Here's what you need to know about fleas and your cat, including detection, treatment, and prevention.What Are Fleas?Fleas are tiny parasitic insects that eat the blood of mammals and birds. While there are over 2,200 species of fleas, the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis felis, is the species that most commonly affects cats and dogs. Their flat bodies and strong legs make it easy for fleas to jump on a host and crawl through the fur, feeding on the host's blood along the way.1Flea Life CycleAn adult female flea can lay 20 or more eggs per day. When eggs hatch, the larvae feed on flea excrement on the cat and in the environment for several days. They then form a protective cocoon and enter the pupal stage, where they'll mature until they emerge as adults. Flea pupae are hardy and can resist insecticides; they can remain dormant in the environment for days, weeks, or even months until a suitable host is available.What Types of Diseases Can Fleas Transmit?Fleas are known to carry several pathogens, some of which can affect both cats and humans:3Tapeworms are intestinal parasites that cats can get from ingesting fleas, but they rarely affect people.Cat scratch disease is an infection caused by the bacteria Bartonella henselae. Cats don't typically get sick from this, but they can transmit the bacteria to humans through a scratch or bite.Plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, carried by rodent fleas. Cats are not ideal hosts for these fleas, but it's still possible for them to transmit plague to you or your cat.Flea-borne (murine) typhus is caused by the bacteria Rickettsia spp., which can be found in cat fleas. Little is known about its effect on cats, but it can cause illness in humans.2Symptoms of Fleas in CatsFleas don't always cause obvious signs in cats, but itching and skin irritation will develop when a cat is allergic or sensitive to flea saliva. Common signs of fleas on cats include:ScratchingExcessive groomingRed bites or scabsHair lossFlea dirt (excrement that looks like black specks) on the skin, fur, or beddingSkin infectionIf you observe your cat scratching and aren't sure if fleas are the cause, you can use your fingers or a flea comb to look for scurrying fleas or flea dirt in the cat's fur, especially around the head, neck, and base of the tail.If you do not see fleas or flea dirt, it does not necessarily mean your cat is flea-free. Some cats will ingest fleas and flea dirt while grooming, making it difficult to spot the signs of a flea infestation.In addition to skin irritation, cats can contract flea-borne illnesses or suffer anemia from blood loss. Flea anemia is more common in kittens with large numbers of fleas.What Causes Fleas on Cats?Outdoor cats encounter fleas in the environment, and because they are natural hosts for these parasites, they collect them during normal activity. Indoor cats can attract fleas that have hitched a ride into the home on other pets or people. Certain factors may increase the odds of a cat attracting fleas, including:Moist, wooded surroundingsLong grassIndoor flea infestation (carpets, bedding)Neighboring flea problems (especially in apartment complexes)Moving to a new home that previously had fleas (pupae may suddenly emerge and infest)How Do Vets Diagnose Flea Infestations?Fleas are typically diagnosed by sight. A veterinarian will part a cat's fur to look for adult fleas or flea dirt. If a cat has a very low number of fleas, other issues like the presence of tapeworm segments in a cat's stool will alert the veterinarian that fleas are present.How to Treat Cats With FleasFirst, realize that treating fleas requires a comprehensive approach. You must address all flea life stages as well as the environment. You can try to eliminate as many fleas as you can from your cat by combing through the fur with a flea comb or bathing your cat.Bathing can help remove adult fleas and flea dirt but don’t force it if your cat refuses. If using a flea comb, deposit the fleas in soapy water so they don't escape back into the environment.Most importantly, consult your veterinarian to determine the best and safest flea control product for your cat. Several oral and topical flea control products are on the market and new products come out regularly.A flea infestation can be a challenge to manage because complete eradication requires a multifaceted approach:All household pets need to be treated with an effective flea control product.The home environment must also be treated for fleas.It can take several months of treatment (both on the cat and in the home) to get rid of a flea infestation. Stopping treatments too soon will likely cause fleas to rapidly reemerge.How Do You Get Rid of Fleas at Home?As part of the flea treatment process, you must remove fleas and their eggs from your home to prevent reinfestation. To do this effectively, you will need to:Wash all bedding thoroughly in hot water if possible. While the bedding is free of coverings, vacuum the mattress, particularly in crevices where eggs can settle.Vacuum carpeting daily and dispose of used vacuum bags.Steam-clean carpeting to kill any remaining eggs.In some cases, you may need to hire a professional exterminator. Be sure to discuss the products they use to ensure that they are pet-safe.Prognosis for Cats with FleasOnce your flea problem is in check, cats will generally recover well as their itchiness subsides, wounds heal, and hair regrows.If a cat has suffered a longstanding or particularly severe case of fleas, they may be anemic or carry a flea-borne disease that also requires treatment to achieve full recovery.How to Prevent Cat FleasTo keep fleas away, your cat should be treated with a vet-approved flea control product all year long. Most flea preventatives are labeled for once-monthly use. Although flea issues can be more severe in the warmer months, most vets recommend year-round prevention, especially if your cat has had fleas once before. The concern for diseases may warrant year-round prevention as well.If you have multiple dogs or cats in your home, they must be all on prevention. Due to the life cycle and longevity of fleas, you'll never be able to get rid of your flea problem in your home if you leave one of your pets unprotected.Are Fleas Contagious to Other Animals?Fleas will happily leap from one animal to another, infesting all of the warm-blooded creatures in a household. While they aren't able to reside on humans as easily as furry pets, they will bite people and cause itching. Many flea-borne diseases can be transmitted from fleas to cats, dogs, humans, and other pets in a household, such as ferrets or birds.

Cats who are a healthy weight are happier, more agile, and tend to live longer. Obesity, which is generally viewed as 20 percent or more above normal weight, is the most frequently observed nutritional disorder in domestic cats and, in many cases, this is preventable! Why Is a Healthy Weight Important for Your Cat?Obesity can result in a reduced quality of life. Overweight cats tend to physically interact less with their families and are often less energetic, less playful, and more lethargic.They can also have an increased risk of developing a number of serious health conditions, including those listed below.Arthritis (the increased weight can place an excessive burden on joints, tendons, and ligaments).Urinary diseaseKidney diseaseHeart diseaseChronic inflammation High blood pressure (placing an added burden on the heart)Diabetes (as the body’s requirements for insulin exceed the body’s ability to produce or use it)Difficulty breathing (fat in the chest and abdomen can restrict the ability of the lungs to expand)Decreased immune functionConstipation and flatulenceSkin infectionsSome cancers have even been associated with obesityCauses of Cat Obesity Similar to humans, there are a variety of causes and contributing factors to obesity in cats, it isn't always as simple as just overfeeding. It’s important to identify if there are potential underlying medical causes for obesity prior to beginning a weight loss program.Some of the common causes of obesity in cats can include one or more of the following:OverfeedingGeneticsSedentary activity level/lack of exerciseSpaying or neuteringUnhealthy feeding habitsHypothyroidism Some medicationsCushing’s diseaseDiabetesStress PainHow To Help Your Cat Lose WeightManaging a weight loss programme for a cat usually involves a multifaceted approach, typically in conjunction with veterinary professionals.A healthy plan won't offer any quick fixes and it will involve you adjusting routines in and around the house to best support your cat. Some of the top tips for helping your cat to shed the pounds are detailed below.1. Rule Out Underlying Medical ConditionsThe most important aspect of any weight loss journey is to first establish if there are any underlying medical conditions that could be contributing to your cat's weight gain. Ruling out, identifying, and treating problems associated with weight gain is paramount.2. Listen to Your Vet's AdviceIf you haven't noticed your cat putting on a few pounds here and there, don't take offence if, at their annual exam, your vet comments that they could do with shedding a few pounds. Your vet knows what they are talking about and you should heed their advice.If no underlying causes for your cat's weight gain are apparent, your vet will typically recommend an overall suggested weight loss to work towards gradually. In extreme cases, they may recommend a special prescription weight-loss diet. Regular weigh-ins at their clinic to monitor progress may also be suggested.3. Consider What You Are Feeding Your CatThe quality of over-the-counter cat foods varies dramatically. Some can have unnecessary added sugars, others are particularly high in fat.Canned food is lower in calories than dry kibble, contains a large amount of water, is easier for your cat to digest, and many cats enjoy it.  Some owners choose to switch to feeding a larger proportion of wet food in comparison to dry as part of the programme. There are also over-the-counter weight-loss diets available in pet stores. These are not designed to have a miraculous effect and measuring of quantities is still required, but they can help in a small way.Take a look at what you are currently feeding your cat and make a gradual change over if you discover it is not as healthy as you thought. Your vet or a qualified pet nutritionist can offer additional advice if needed.4. Measure Out Your Cat's Daily Food AllowanceA very common cause of cats being overweight is simply them being overfed. A great starting point is to begin by measuring their daily portions with a cup or scales. Transition away from free feeding, which is leaving food out all the time, and gradually move towards scheduled feedings. When there’s a bottomless bowl of food you have no way of monitoring how much each cat is eating. It may seem convenient at first, but it is a leading cause of obesity.  As you make the transition away from free-feeding start by doing more frequent, scheduled, smaller meals and making a big announcement when it’s mealtime so the kitties can get used to the new routine. You could also consider using an automatic feeder that dispenses a measured amount of food at pre-programmed times.Creating individual feeding stations for your cats can be helpful as well. Cats are not big fans of eating together, can have resource guarding issues, and mealtime should not be a stressful experience.5. Plan Daily Play Sessions for Increased ExerciseIn addition to monitoring calorie intake and providing quality nutrition, exercise is crucial to a healthy weight for your cat. There are lots of options, such as cat exercise wheels, for encouraging your cat to exercise—even if they don't venture outdoors.Exercising their prey drive with interactive play is a crucial part of your cat’s development and contributes greatly to their quality of life. It is also a wonderful way to exercise your cats.Scheduled playtimes occur within the same hour or two every day and provide your cat with structure and a consistent schedule. It is a good idea to have a variety of interactive toys available at all times, and some that are kept specially for play sessions.Having two or three wand or mouse on a string toys that only come out during these times will help to keep them novel and fun. These are great for simulating prey and help tap into your cat's natural drives.It's really important to let your cat "catch" their prey during the play session. Otherwise, they will get frustrated and either stop playing with you or act out in response to her unfulfilled urges. If you play with a laser pointer, be sure to have some kitty play sessions with a toy she can catch, too.6. Use Puzzle Toys and FeedersPuzzle feeders help to slow down greedy eaters, prevent boredom, and can provide additional exercise. They allow cats to eat more instinctively by allowing them to forage and “hunt” for their food.There are various food dispensing toys for cats that you can purchase, and you can even make your own. Start with an easy puzzle and work up to more difficult types based on your individual cat’s preference. Some easy DIY puzzle feeding options include:Paper bags: put catnip, catnip covered toy mice, treats or pieces of dry kibble inside a lunch bag. Your cat can explore, pounce, and kill (destroy the bag) It’s a great hiding space and a fun toy all at the same time.Paper towel roll inners: cut a paper towel roll in half, fold in the ends and cut a few small to large holes. You can then place dry food or low-fat treats inside. As your cat begins to use these more, cut smaller holes to make it more of a challenge.Water bottles: Take empty water bottles, remove the wrapper, cut a few small to large holes and add some treats. You can leave the lid on or off for increasing difficulty for this DIY puzzle toy·      7. Regularly Assess ProgressKeep a written log of food intake (including all treats), exercise, and weekly weight. Weigh your cat on the same scale at the same time of day every week. It is sometimes helpful to plot out this information (dates and weights) on a graph.Remember, you may hit 'plateaus' in which your cat seems stuck at a certain weight. This is common. Do not despair, but continue with the weight reduction program, making sure no one in the household is 'cheating.'Typical minimum weight loss per month for a healthy adult act is 0.5-lbs. Ideally, your cat will lose close to one pound per month. Some cats may need to go slower, while others may shed the pounds more quickly. 8. Don't Give In to BeggingChanges should be gradual and at a pace your cat is comfortable with, but sometimes feeding a little less can cause your cat to vocalize and perform other attention-seeking behaviors to beg for food.Providing you are following the weight loss programme properly, your cat has access to plenty of fresh water, and there are no underlying health issues, then it is important not to cave in. Remember you are doing this to, ultimately, improve your cat's overall health and quality of life.

          An incident of feline asthma may initially be dismissed as simply another hairball or a little of food traveling down the "wrong pipe." Coughing on a regular basis, on the other hand, is likely to draw the notice of the owner. Asthma can cause a cat to cough and then appear normal, but it is a degenerative disorder that must be treated. A veterinarian should check a coughing cat to evaluate the problem and ensure that it is treated appropriately.What Is Asthma?     Cat asthma is an allergen-driven respiratory disease that causes breathing difficulties, much like human asthma. When a cat inhales an allergen, their immune systems may overreact. The immune response that follows results in an overabundance of chemicals being produced in the blood, which leads to severe airway inflammation.Symptoms of Asthma in Cats     Early asthma symptoms may be difficult to detect and severe attacks may be infrequent, making them easy to dismiss as hairballs. Over time, symptoms tend to become more prevalent and noticeable.SymptomsWheezingTiring easilyCoughing/choking soundsGagging     One of the symptoms that distinguishes cat asthma from hairballs or other physical obstructions is a slight wheezing sound when the cat breathes, which may be more noticeable after vigorous play or running.     Swollen and inflamed airways secrete excess mucus, which narrows, making it difficult for the cat to breathe. The cat rapidly becomes fatigued due to reduced oxygen supply.     During a full-blown asthma attack, the cat curls up on the floor and stretches its neck and head to help clear mucus from the airways. The cat may swallow, sneeze, cough or even vomit. Cats may or may not expel frothy mucus.     Asthma attacks can be fatal, and your cat must be taken to the vet immediately. Even if your cat shows only one or two early symptoms, it should be examined. Once a diagnosis has been made, there are a number of steps you can take to help your cat.Causes of AsthmaMany of the same allergens responsible for human asthma attacks can also trigger feline asthma attacks, including:Cigarette smokeMildew or moldHousehold chemicalsDustPollenCat litter particulates     Stress can either cause or exacerbate a feline asthma attack. For that reason, you should always try to remain as calm as possible when your cat suffers an attack.Diagnosing Asthma in CatsVeterinarians use a variety of diagnostic tests to diagnose asthma in cats. The most common diagnostic tools include:Blood Tests: A series of blood tests can help your veterinarian assess your cat's overall health, rule out other diseases, and determine if inflammation is present in your cat's body.Chest X-ray: This diagnostic method, also known as a chest x-ray, helps your veterinarian look for abnormalities in the lungs, such as areas of chronic inflammation or abnormal fluid buildup. Sometimes cats with asthma will see a bright branching pattern on the x-ray. This indicates an accumulation of inflammatory cells in the airways.Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL):Under general anesthesia, a tracheal tube is inserted into the cat's airway. This allows the veterinarian to take a sample of fluid directly from the cat's airways. In addition to asthma, BAL can be used to diagnose other diseases of the lungs.The disadvantage of BAL is that it requires general anesthesia and is therefore not recommended for cats with severe respiratory distress or disease.Treatment     The basic and most common management strategies for feline asthma include a steroid to help reduce inflammation within the airways and a bronchodilator to keep the airways open so that the cat can more easily breathe.     Sometimes these medications are given orally, but another form of administration is with a metered-dose inhaler, such as Flovent, given through a special mask. The Aerokat Feline Aerosol Chamber was developed for this purpose. The advantage of aerosol steroid administration over pills and injections is that it goes directly into the lungs, rather than throughout the body, thus creating fewer side effects.     If your cat is having more severe attacks than you consider normal, visit your veterinarian for re-evaluation and possible adjustment of medications.Prognosis for Cats With Asthma     Feline asthma is a chronic, progressive disease with no cure. Your veterinarian will work to develop an ongoing medication management plan to keep your cat as comfortable as possible for its lifetime.     Once your cat is diagnosed with feline asthma, you have several options for lifestyle changes that can help reduce recurring asthma attacks, depending on the severity of the case. The first and most obvious thing you'll need to do is to try to eliminate the environmental allergens that are causing respiratory distress in your cat.     As with most feline health issues, the key to successful management of feline asthma is to know your cat well, keep your eyes and ears open for changes in the breathing, give medications as prescribed, and get veterinary care when indicated, either routine checkups or emergency intervention.How to Prevent AsthmaA cat can become asthmatic if it lives in an environment with allergens that trigger its immune system to overreact. To reduce the risk of your cat developing asthma, take these preventative measures:Reduce smoking: If you smoke, you'll need to do it outdoors in the future. Better yet, consider quitting, for your health and for all the creatures who share your home.Eliminate mold and mildew: Conduct a deep cleaning. Although it may sound contraindicated, a steam cleaner does a good job of cleaning mold and other allergens from solid surfaces such as tile floors, shower enclosures, and walls. Professional services are indicated for cleaning central air ducts.Curtail dust and dust mites: Frequent vacuuming can help reduce dust and mites. Although expensive, HEPA air purifiers are excellent for removing both dust mites and mold spores from the air. Consider a room purifier in the room your cat most frequently occupies. A HEPA purifier will also help during the pollen season.Edit household chemicals: Use environmentally friendly cleaning products for your cats' benefit, your health, and your home environment. Ideally, refrain from using air fresheners and potpourris, scented laundry detergents, and perfumes that can cause respiratory issues in sensitive cats.2Change cat litter: Because of the dust that rises from clay litters, most of them are not good for asthmatic cats. 3 Consider using wood or paper-based cat litter without added fragrance. Remember that cats are often fussy about litter changes, so introduce the new litter gradually.If you suspect your pet is sick, call your veterinarian immediately. Always consult with your veterinarian about health concerns, as they have examined your pet, know his or her health history, and can make the best recommendations for your pet. 

     Although some people avoid cats because they fear or dislike them, there is some hope for those who avoid cats because of fear of allergic reactions. A lot will depend on the nature of your allergies. If yours are of the sneezing, watery eyes, and running nose variety, you may be able to slowly and gradually build up your tolerance to cats.     However, before getting a cat, you should undergo allergy testing first, particularly if you suffer from asthma. For example, about 30 percent of people with allergies are allergic to cats and dogs, but studies show the rate of cat allergies is actually far higher than that.     Here are tips to help you gain control over your cat allergy symptoms while enjoying the lifelong companionship of a feline.Cat Allergy Symptoms      It's tough to miss cat allergy symptoms. They tend to happen whenever there's a feline nearby or you've encountered some cat hair lingering on furniture. Your body's immune system is reacting to the proteins that are found in a cat's urine, saliva, or dander. Here is a list of typical cat allergy symptoms you may experience:SneezingCoughingWheezingSkin rashNasal congestionTrouble breathingRunny/stuffed noseItchy, red, watery eyes Rid Your Home of Other Allergens     If you're considering bringing a new pet into your home, first rid your home of as many other allergens as possible, including mites, dust, and mold. Most airborne allergens (including cat dander) cling to soft material such as curtains and drapes, upholstery, and floor coverings. Here are common ways to clear your home of allergens:Substitute blinds for window coverings. If you rent, and can't get permission to switch them, keep the curtains washed and frequently vacuum the drapes.If possible, replace overstuffed upholstered furniture with leather.Eliminate decorative scented candles, potpourri, and plug-in air fresheners, all of which can exacerbate allergy symptoms.Consider replacing wall-to-wall carpeting with wood or tile floors. Otherwise, thoroughly vacuum carpeting regularly.Consider Allergy Medication     Medication is often the first thing people consider when dealing with a cat allergy. Over-the-counter or prescription medication, natural remedies such as BioAllers, or a series of allergy shots (immunotherapy) are all worth investigating. Keep in mind that you should always check with your physician or allergist before embarking on a new treatment.Visit Friends With Cats     Choose to visit a friend with an outgoing cat to allow you to get up close and personal with a feline, but on a limited basis. Ask your friend to choose a time when the cat is fed, comfortable, and relaxed. Ask your friend permission to use an allergy relief spray or wipes on the cat if necessary while you're visiting.      Use your allergy medication half an hour before the arranged time. When you arrive, let the cat set the pace. You may be greeted by being sniffed at your feet and legs at first. You can dangle your hand to see if the cat rubs up against it, which can indicate petting is acceptable. If your allergies are still under control, you might allow the cat to jump onto your lap. Make your visit about 15 minutes at the most to keep both you and the cat comfortable.     In another week or two, visit again with the same cat, and stay longer, up to half an hour. Begin to branch out and visit other friends with cats. Consider Hypoallergenic Breeds     There are a few breeds of cats considered to be hypoallergenic, or at least helpful to those with allergies, including the following breeds:Sphynx: These cats have very fine, sparse hair.Rex: Certain rex breeds, like the Devon Rex have fine, wavy or curly hair that may not trap dander the way thicker coats do.Siberian: These cats lack the Fel d 1 protein in their saliva that becomes dander after grooming, a characteristic that may be good for those with allergies.     To find out more information about these specific breeds, see if there's a local cat show you can attend where you can observe them. Many cat breed clubs hold shows highlighting individual breeds.Visit Your Local Animal Shelter     Once you feel that your allergies are under control, consider adoption. Here's how to navigate a trip to your local animal shelter or a cat adoption event.Dress in comfortable, casual clothes.Remember to take any allergy medications beforehand.Prepare to spend an hour or so at the shelter or event.Take a few cats, one at a time, into a private room, if available, and spend some time with each one.     It's often been said that cats usually chose their humans, so let a cat's actions guide you in your choice. You may need to visit the shelter several times before you find the cat that fits your lifestyle.     Make sure your home is completely prepared for a new pet. Once you have made your choice, talk to the personnel, tell them about your allergies, and ask if the cat may be returned, as a last resort, if your allergies are aggravated once you bring the pet home. Try to restrict your new cat from going into your bedroom so you can sleep free of even the faintest of allergy symptoms.     Once you get your cat home, consider feeding a specific allergen-reducing cat food called Pro Plan LiveClear. This diet has been scientifically proven to decrease the Fel d 1 allergen in cat dander. Also, routine wiping of your cat's fur with baby wipes or damp cloths will also help decrease dander spreading.     Cats are amazing creatures and hopefully, with advancements in allergy medications, feline diet control and routine coat maintenance, you can enjoy a feline friend even with allergies. 

Just as with humans, there are a number of things you can learn by looking into your cat's eyes. A cat's pupils should normally be the same size. A change in the size of the pupil in one eye can indicate a number of conditions, ranging from mild to serious. These include:Inflammation of the eyeHorner's syndrome (a neurological disorder)FeLV (may cause pupillary spasms)TumorsCentral nervous system injuryThe "Third Eyelid"Cats have an inner third eyelid, called a nictitating membrane, which protects the eye from dryness and/or damage. When a cat is sick, the third eyelid will partially close over their eyes. This is a signal to get him to the vet immediately. Curiously enough, a very happy cat will also show that nictating membrane.Moody Eyes"Like many other physical characteristics of the cat, his moods are reflected by his eyes," writes the owner of "What Makes Cats Work." "Pupil size changes are the clue: an angry cat will have narrowed pupils, while an excited or frightened cat will have eyes wide open, with large pupils. A mellow, happy cat's eyes will sometimes appear a shade darker than normal. I can't explain this one; it's just an observation."Diseases and Conditions of the EyeCats are subject to a number of the same conditions we sometimes have, including cataracts, glaucoma, and conjunctivitis (pinkeye). The latter, if caused by the chlamydia bacteria, can be contagious to humans.Since cats' eyes are so important to their general welfare, it is crucial that you take your cat to a veterinarian at the first sign of trouble. Many conditions can be treated easily if caught in time but can lead to months of veterinary expense and possibly even blindness, if ignored.Cats' Night VisionCats' nocturnal vision is far superior to that of humans. While they can't see in total darkness, they can see with only one-sixth of the illumination we need to see. In the feline, the muscles of the iris surrounding the pupils are constructed in a way that allows the eye to narrow to a vertical slit in bright light and to open fully in very dim light to allow maximum illumination.In addition, a reflective layer behind the cat's retina, called the tapetum lucidum, reflects incoming light and bounces it back off the cones, making more use of the existing light. The tapetum is probably responsible for the shiny green orbs you see when a small amount of light hits a cat's eyes at night.These special feline features have probably developed for survival purposes, as wild cats are nocturnal and do much of their hunting at night.Testing Cats' Eyes to Help HumansIn 2000, a team of scientists at the University of California in Berkeley used cats to learn more about human vision. During the controversial experiment, the team, led by Yang Dan, assistant professor of molecular and cell biology, anesthetized the cats and then implanted electrodes into their brains and showed them images. They were able to record the cats' responses to light and dark and using a mathematical equation, they converted the signals into images.Since cats' eyes are so similar to humans, the team hoped to answer a number of questions about how the eye and the brain work together to capture, encode, and reassemble images.Cats Eye TriviaCats cannot see directly beneath their noses. You can test this by offering your kitty a treat. He can smell it, but if you drop it directly beneath his nose, he'll have to root around a bit before finding it.Rumors aside, cats are not color blind. Their ability to see color is not as enhanced as ours, but they can see some colors.If normal human vision is 20/20, then that of the cat is 20/100. It has keen vision for objects far away, but things up close may appear fuzzy or blurred. Perhaps this is why cats do the sniff test when greeting friends.Most white, blue-eyed cats are deaf. A white cat with odd eyes (one blue and one green or gold) will most often be deaf on the side with the blue eye.Cats "kiss" with their eyes. Of course, a nip on the nose is also their way of giving a kiss. If you want to show your cat you love him, give it a kitty kiss right back. Not on the nose. Just give it that long stare and slow blink and see what happens.If you suspect your pet is sick, call your vet immediately. For health-related questions, always consult your veterinarian, as they have examined your pet, know the pet's health history, and can make the best recommendations for your pet.

          The all-important first six weeks in a cat's life will do much in determining its personality and character for the rest of his life. This period is extremely important for the health of the developing kitten.     Very young kittens are susceptible to several serious threats, such as parasites and upper respiratory infections (URI), which when combined with other problems can lead to fading kitten syndrome (FKS), a serious and often fatal condition. FKS is more often found with litters of stray and feral cats, so if you are in a kitten foster situation, those kittens should be kept away from other cats in the home until they have all been checked clear of communicable diseases.     Kittens will probably never grow again at the remarkable rate they accomplish during this period, and seeing the changes in their development from week to week is an incredible experience.What to Do After Your Cat Gives BirthWeek 1In the first week, your newborn kitten is a tiny food processing factory. Here is what to expect:The kitten will be concentrating on feeding and growth. It will double its birth weight this week.Other physical changes are taking place which will become more apparent soon.Week 2Your kitten is continuing his growth at an astonishing rate, by at least 10 grams per day. These changes also occur:Its eyes will start to open and will be completely open at 9 to 14 days old. All kittens' eyes are blue and will remain so for several weeks. Vision will be blurred at first. As a kitten's pupils don't dilate and contract readily, protect your kitten from bright lights.The kitten's sense of smell is developing, and it will even hiss at unfamiliar odors.You may be able to determine the sex of the kittens by this time. Don't be too sure though; even veterinarians sometimes make mistakes this early.Week 3The kitten has many changes:Ear canals will be completely open.Kittens can voluntarily eliminate now, as the digestive system is developing.They will start to socialize now with each other and with people and will want to explore their surroundings a bit.Week 4Coming up on a month, the kitten shows these characteristics:Depth perception has developed.The sense of smell is fully developed.Baby teeth will start to show.Kittens are learning to walk without stumbling.They will interact more with their littermates, even to the point of forming "alliances" which may or may not be gender-based.Week 5After a month the kitten graduates to new experiences:Kittens may be introduced to canned kitten food at this time. Select a quality brand of canned kitten food with a named meat source as the first ingredient (chicken is good). Many breeders and rescuers will have been feeding this food to the mother cat, and the kittens will quickly accommodate to eating what mom eats.Kittens can also be trained in the litter box now. They need a smaller, separate box, one that will be easy to access and exit, with only an inch or two of litter.As human babies experiment by tasting everything, so will kittens. If your kitten is eating the litter during their training period, try changing the litter type and monitor closely to see if the behavior continues. If your kitten insists on eating any type of litter available, talk to your veterinarian to see if underlying health issues should be investigated.Week 6     Socializing a kitten at this age will make all the difference in the world to his personality and interaction with humans as adult cats. Here are important milestones in the sixth week:Kittens can run, pounce, leap, and entertain themselves and their human observers endlessly. Just as quickly they can fall asleep at the drop of a hat, (growing up is hard work), so let them get all the rest they need.Kittens will follow their mother cat's lead in socializing with humans. If she has a comfortable relationship with the humans in her life, so will her kittens. However, if kittens are not accustomed to human handling by six weeks, it will be a long, slow, process to train them later, and, as an adult, such a cat may never be a "lap cat."Feral cat rescuers may consider having the litter spend time with humans (separate from the mother) before 6 weeks of age for optimal results in socializing the kittens for new homes. Socializing Tip     Kittens should learn at this age that hands are not for playing—hands are for holding, petting, and feeding. One of the best "toys" for teaching this lesson is a plastic drinking straw. You can drag it across the floor and watch the kitten chase it, then wiggle it a bit and allow him to pounce on it and "capture" it. The baby may proudly strut with his prize before settling down to bite on it. The plastic is nice and crunchy and makes a good aid for teething, as well.     Well-socialized and completely weaned kittens may be ready for their new forever homes in just a couple of weeks. If you've been waiting for your kittens to be old enough to adopt, you'll probably be pretty excited by now.     Patience, though. Remember, "All good things come to those who wait." 

     The last thing we want is for our pets to be in danger during a fire when both smoke and flames can endanger them.     So what should you do in case your alarms go off and your furry (or fin-bearing) friends are also in harm's way?Have a Plan in Place     The best way to protect pets if your home catches fire is to include them in your family plan. Sarah Wooten, DVM and Pumpkin Pet Insurance veterinary expert, says leaving matters to firefighters is important, but making sure your pet is documented ensures they'll be prioritized and brought to safety.     A decal or sign on a window or door can let first responders know how many pets and humans are in the house, says Maja Drodz, a veterinarian at Goldsmith Veterinary Clinic in Denver.Don’t have a family plan for fires? Ready.gov has a great template. Microchip Cats and Dogs     Wooten says keeping identification tags or microchips updated in the event your cat or dog gets lost during a house fire will dramatically increase the likelihood they'll be found and returned to you.      It is best to rely on these backup plans in case of separation, but there are also ways to transport the pets out safely when you have to evacuate your home.Have Appropriate Travel Preparations on Hand     Wooten advises keeping several cat and dog leashes around your home in case you ever need to escape a fire.     "Carry your cat or dog with a towel to make sure they don't inhale too much smoke," Drodz adds.     Along with carriers, pet owners should make an emergency kit for their dogs or cats with extra leashes, a first aid kit, a week's worth of food, litter and disposable trays, food and water bowls, copies of medical records, and toys.     Carriers also apply to smaller animals, Drodz says, as carrying rodents or lizards in a small transport kennel should be part of an evacuation emergency kit.     The kits should also include food, bottled water and a bowl, baby wipes for cleaning, paper towels, heat bulbs, spray bottles, and a blanket to deal with cold and stress.Make Firefighters' Jobs Easier     Wooten cautions against ever re-entering a burning home if your pet didn't come with you. That should be left to the firefighters, she says.     "If your pet didn’t make it out with you, as much as you might be tempted, you will endanger your own life [if you re-enter]," she says.     Instead, create an exit point by leaving doors and windows open, and continually call your pet’s name to help them navigate their way out, she says.How To Prioritize Fish Safety     Wooten suggests keeping two nets near your tank and several plastic bags that fit the size of your fish just in case.     "That way, in case of a fire, you can quickly scoop the fish up and into the bags," she says. "Turning the light off in the tank helps to confuse the fish so they are easier to catch."     Drodz agrees and says to have the fish-safe plastic bags ready filled with one-third water.     "If you have more time, a 5-gallon bucket with a lid and hole for air pump that can be plugged into car power adapter is also good to have on hand," she says.Reptiles Also Need Rescuing     Keep a small plastic transportation container near the enclosures of reptilian pets that you can use in case of an emergency for transportation, Wooten says. It is helpful to also have a store of food, medicine, and other supplies as well to store in the container.       "If you are exiting a home with small pets ... place the animal in a large pillow case or cardboard box and carry them out in a pillow case or box," she says. "Pillow cases can also be used to transport animals down from heights if you tie a knot in one end." Prevent Fires in the First Place     Wooten suggests fire-proofing your home to ensure curious and active pets don't knock over things in the first place.     She cautions against using open flames. If they are open, keep them supervised, out of reach, and extinguished before leaving the home.     Stoves accidentally turned on by a pet bumping into a knob are also a common way pets accidentally start home fires, so she suggests removing knobs or covering them.Wooten says this is the best way to protect your pet from fires.

     Feline communication is a complex system of sign language, some vocalization, and even scent cues people can’t detect. Signals help define and reinforce the cat’s social position and smooth cat-to-cat, cat-to-people, and cat-to-dog relationships.     Silent communication can be as subtle as a gently flicked tail. Misreading a cat’s clear signal may prompt a hissy fit or worse — injury to you, or your other pets.Cat Tail Positions     Friendly cat tails seek to decrease the distance between individuals. The high-held tail pointed straight up is the feline equivalent of a “howdy!” and means Kitty welcomes attention and interaction. However, dog tails held straight up with little movement mean the opposite — and in dog-cat households in which pets don’t speak the same language, a spat may ensue.     A relaxed cat's tail curves down and back up in a gentle U. The more interest he feels, the higher the tail. Confident cats also hold their tails high, and when the end barely tips over like a finger waving “hi there,” it means he’s interested in interaction.Wagging Cat Tails     Other cat tail signals warn you away with signs to increase the distance between individuals. A wagging tail tells you to “back off!” And when Kitty starts thumping the ground with her tail, she’s ready to attack. A moving tail in cats generally indicates arousal of some sort — excitement, fear, aggression — but your dog may mistake the tail-wagging cat as an invitation to approach. After all, doggy wags often mean, “come close, let’s be friends.”     The end of the tail flicking back and forth usually indicates frustration or heightened emotion. Tabby may do this when the bumbling puppy won’t back off. If this tail warning to back off is ignored, the tail escalates to lashing or thumping — and ultimately an attack.Bristled Cat Tails     Watch Kitty’s fur level, too. Fur standing straight off the body (piloerection) indicates great arousal. A bristled tail held upright or straight behind the cat indicates aggression — watch out! But the bottlebrush tail held in an inverted U shows fear or defensiveness, and if push comes to shove, the cat will shove back with all claws bared.     Tucking the tail between the legs signals ultimate fear. That doesn’t mean Kitty won’t resort to using claws and teeth, though, if she’s cornered. You’ll usually also hear lots of hissing, growling, and other vocalizations, and the terrified cat may crouch low to the floor with ears slicked back. Or she may turn onto her back — not in submission, but to get all four claw-filled paws ready for defense. Once again, this can confuse dogs (and owners), who misinterpret rolling over as a sign of submission. Cats don’t do submission.Cat Communication Matters     It’s important that cat owners recognize feline “tail talk” because many behavior problems are a result from miscommunication.1 Cats tell us how they feel and what they want, and they must think humans are incredibly dense not to understand.     If you are an equal opportunity pet lover who shares your home with both dogs and cats, you may need to act as an interpreter. It can take a while for dogs to understand what Kitty tells them (and vice versa). Becoming multilingual solves or prevents a host of potential pet problems. 

     How often should cats and kittens eat? There is no quick and easy answer, as the age and relative health of your cat, how many cats you have, your home environment, and the type of food you feed will all play a large part in how you handle feeding.     For example, a stay-at-home caregiver will be able to feed canned food to kittens or geriatric cats several times a day. On the other hand, a single, working owner or a two-income family will rely more on dry cat food, with early morning and late-night supplements of canned food.How Frequently Should You Feed Kittens Canned Food?     Kittens need roughly twice the nutrients of adult cats, for both growth and energy.1 Obviously, their tummies cannot handle large quantities of food. Therefore, much like human babies, they need frequent feedings at first, tapering off as they grow. It is important during this time to weigh the kittens regularly to ensure they are gaining regularly, but not becoming overly fat. Their hunger will usually be a pretty good guideline for determining if they are getting enough nutrition.     As a rule, it is best for kittens under 8 weeks old to remain with the mother cat.2 If this is impossible, a kitten may be fed by bottle as early as 2 weeks old. Alternatively, the kitten can at five weeks old, be gradually introduced to a good canned kitten food, mixed with equal parts of a "kitten formula" such as kitten milk replacer (KMR). Note: I do not advise giving kittens whole milk, as many cats are allergic to it. As the kitten approaches 6 weeks old, the amount of KMR can be gradually reduced, until the kitten is eating canned food alone.Please note that these guidelines refer to feedings of canned food:At 6 weeks old: Three or more small feedings, spaced regularly throughout the day. Be sure to weigh the kitten regularly, and record his or her weight in a dated chart to keep track of its development.At 12 weeks old: Increase the amount of each meal, and gradually space them out to three meals a day.Around 6 months old: You may gradually space out the meals to twice daily.How Often Should You Feed Adult Cats?     Unless a kitten is showing excessive weight gain, he is considered an adult at the age of 1 year, and for the next nine years or so, he may be fed adult "maintenance" food or canned cat food once or twice daily, with supplements of dry food when needed, as listed below.What About Dry Food?     Veterinarians say dry food given for the convenience of the caregiver will meet the nutritional needs of the cat as long it is complete and balanced.3 Cats have lived long and happy lives on an exclusive diet of dry foods, and for working caregivers, adult cats may be fed a meal of canned food morning and night, with dry food left out for "grazing." There are a variety of premium dry cat food options available to accommodate every type of cat.Geriatric and Special Needs Cats    Older cats can be on the same feeding schedule as adult cats as long as haven't developed conditions requiring specific dietary needs. It is best with these cats to follow your veterinarian's directions for feeding, including the schedule and type of food.